More recently, silica (silicon dioxide, which comes from sand) has come to the forefront.

近年来，土（从沙土中提取）已经脱颖而出。

The primary component of the most common form of sand is silicon dioxide.

沙子最基本形式基础成分是。

The sample also contained silicon dioxide and silica glass.

样品还含有和玻璃。

And so we make some silicon dioxide.

因此我们制造了一些。

And so if silicon dioxide can make that, well what about something below that.

如果可以做到这一点，那么低于这一水平东西又如何呢？

The fragment of silicon dioxide in the sample recorded the pressure and subsequent heat and depressurization of a lunar impact event.

样品中碎片记录了月球撞击事件压力以及随后热量和减压。

Here, oxygen gas reacts with the wafer to form a layer of silicon dioxide.

在这里，气与片反应形成一层。

First, a layer of insulating silicon dioxide is deposited onto the wafer.

首先，在晶圆上沉积一层绝缘。

Silicon dioxide is the chemical compound of what mineral?

是哪种矿物学成分？

Trickling down through gaps in soil and rock, water flows through sandstone, limestone, and basalt, picking up a microscopic compound called silicon dioxide.

水从土壤和岩石缝隙滴下来，流过沙岩、石灰岩，以及玄武岩，因而携带矽这种微小合物。

In a fiber optic, it's glass, silicon dioxide.

在光纤中，它是玻璃，即。

Glass is mostly sand, silicon dioxide, but add some potash and you reduce the melting point.

玻璃主要是沙子、、 但添加一些钾 就会降低熔点。

Using the mask, the revealed silicon dioxide is etched away down to the previous layer.

使用掩模，暴露出被蚀刻掉，直到前一层。

There are essentially no other materials on the entire periodic table that have as good of a gate insulator as that silicon dioxide.

在整个周期表上，几乎没有其他材料能像那样成为如此优秀栅绝缘体。

To start, a layer of insulating silicon dioxide is deposited on top of the wafer, and then a layer of light-sensitive photoresist is spread across the top.

首先，在晶圆表面沉积一层绝缘，然后在顶部涂上一层感光光阻剂。

A single metal layer is now completed and the wafer is ready for the next cycle to begin where insulating silicon dioxide in the vias will be added.

单个金属层现在已经完成，晶圆准备好开始下一个周期，在这个周期中将在通孔中添加绝缘。

It's made from the stuff of microchips: silicon, a layer of silicon dioxide, and on top a very thin film of silicon nitride, which is perforated by a grid of microscopic circular holes.

、层以及最上层非常薄氮薄膜，而这层薄膜被打上排成网格状微小圆孔。

So the material that's used to do that, or I should say was initially used to do that, was silicon dioxide, which just naturally grows on the silicon surface.

所以，用来实现这一点材料，或者说最初用来实现这一点材料是，它会自然地生长在表面。

With the mask layer built, the wafer goes to an etching tool, where a plasma etcher removes a vertical column through the exposed silicon dioxide until it reaches the previous layer's metal lias.

在掩模层构建完成后， 片会被送到蚀刻工具处，等离子蚀刻机会去除暴露垂直柱， 直到到达前一层金属线路。

Finally, the wafer is sent to a chemical-mechanical planarization tool, where the metal is ground down so that all that remains is a flat layer of insulating silicon dioxide and conductive copper interconnects that match the pattern from the photomask.

最后， 片被送到学机械平面设备中，金属层被磨平， 只剩下一层平坦绝缘和与光掩模图案相匹配导电铜互连层。